How quarterly estimated taxes work
The US tax system is pay-as-you-go. Employees have tax withheld from every paycheck — but nobody withholds anything from 1099 income, so if you work for yourself, the IRS expects you to send money in yourself, four times a year. Generally you must make estimated payments if you expect to owe $1,000 or more in federal tax after withholding and credits.
The four payment periods are uneven — Q2 covers only two months, Q4 covers four:
- Q1 — income from Jan 1 – Mar 31 — due April 15, 2026
- Q2 — income from Apr 1 – May 31 — due June 15, 2026
- Q3 — income from Jun 1 – Aug 31 — due September 15, 2026
- Q4 — income from Sep 1 – Dec 31 — due January 15, 2027
This estimator figures your full-year federal tax — self-employment tax plus income tax, using the same engine as our Self-Employment Tax Calculator — subtracts any W-2 withholding, and splits the rest into four equal payments.
The safe-harbor rule (what actually protects you)
You don't have to nail your estimate to avoid a penalty. The IRS won't charge an underpayment penalty if, through withholding and timely estimated payments, you pay at least the smaller of:
- 90% of this year's tax, or
- 100% of last year's total tax — 110% if your prior-year adjusted gross income was over $150,000 ($75,000 if married filing separately).
That prior-year option is the practical one: last year's tax is a number you already know, not a forecast. Pay a quarter of it each deadline and you're generally penalty-proof — even if your income jumps and you owe the rest next April. Enter last year's total tax above and the estimator shows your safe-harbor number.
Two fine points: payments have to be timely — catching up in Q4 doesn't erase a Q1 shortfall — and if your income is lumpy (a big season, a one-time contract), the annualized-income method on Form 2210 can lower what's due in the slow quarters. This tool doesn't model that.
Federal only — don't forget your state
Everything on this page is federal. Most states with an income tax require their own estimated payments, with different rates, thresholds, and sometimes different due dates. If you only pay the federal side, you can still be underpaid at the state level — check your state tax agency's rules.
How to actually pay
The easiest ways to send a federal estimated payment: IRS Direct Pay (free, from a bank account, no login required), your IRS Online Account, EFTPS, or mailing a check with a Form 1040-ES voucher. Pick "Estimated Tax" and tax year 2026 when you pay.